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A+ Guide to It Technical Support 9th Edition Chapter 3

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A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition PowerPoint Presentation

A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

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  1. A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition Chapter 15 Supporting Network Hardware

  2. Objectives • Describe network types and the Internet connections they use • Identify, compare, and contrast hardware used to build local networks • Set up and troubleshoot the wiring in a small network A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  3. Network Types and the Internet Connections They Use • Networks can be categorized by technology used and size of the network • Personal Area Network (PAN): consists of personal devices such as a cell phone and laptop • Local Area Network (LAN): covers a small local area such as a home, office, or other building • Wireless LAN: covers a limited geographic area and is popular in places where cables are difficult to install • Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): covers a large campus or city • Wide Area Network (WAN): covers a large geographic area and is made up of small networks A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  4. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • Internet Service Provider (ISP): used to connect to the Internet • Most common type of connections are DSL and cable Internet (cable modem) • Bandwidth: measure of the maximum data transmission rate • Data throughput: actual network transmission speed • Latency: delays in network transmissions • Measured by the round-trip time it takes for a data packet to travel from source to destination and back A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  5. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • Cable Internet (cable modem) • Uses existing TV cable lines • Always connected (always up) • TV signals and PC data signals share same coax cable • Cable modem converts PC's digital signals to analog • And converts incoming analog data to digital A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  6. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) • Group of broadband technologies • Wide range of speeds • Uses ordinary copper phone lines and unused voice frequencies • Always connected • Some DSL services offer connect on demand • Can use the same phone line for voice and DSL at the same time A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  7. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • Cable Internet vs. DSL • Both can sometimes be purchased on a sliding scale • Cable modem shares TV cable infrastructure with neighbors • Service may become degraded • DSL uses dedicated phone line • Must filter phone line static • Similar setup for both • Installation completed by provider or user A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  8. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • Satellite provides high-speed Internet connections in remote areas • Available everywhere (even airplanes) • Disadvantages: requires line-of-site connectivity and latency occurs when uploading Figure 15-4 Communication by satellite can include television and Internet access A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  9. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • Fiber optic - dedicated point-to-point (PTP) • No line sharing • Broadband fiber-optic cable • Television, Internet data, voice communication • Verizon technology: Fiber Optic Service (FiOS) • Upstream and downstream speeds and prices vary A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  10. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections • Cellular WAN covers a wide area • Made up of cells created by base stations • Base station might include more than one transceiver and antenna on the same tower • To support multiple technologies (LTE and GSM) • Laptop or tablet might have embedded cellular adapter • If not, use a USB broadband modem to make connection • Some mobile devices can create a mobile hotspot • Other mobile devices can connect by Wi-Fi A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  11. Network Technologies Used for Internet Connections Figure 15-5 A cellular WAN is made up of many cells that provide coverage over a wide area A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  12. Hardware Used By Local Networks • In this section you will learn about: • Desktop and laptop devices • Hubs • Switches • Bridges • Other network devices • Cables and connectors these devices use A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  13. Dial-Up Modems • POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or Dial-up • Least expensive, slowest Internet connection • Uses: travel, broadband down, saving money • Desktop computers modem cards provide two phone jacks (RJ-11 jacks) • Twisted-pair cabling is used • Pairs of wires are twisted together to reduce crosstalk • Last modem standard: V.92 A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  14. Switches and Hubs • Most wired networks use a star bus topology: nodes connected to a centralized hub or switch • Hub: pass-through device (outdated technology) • No regard for data or frame's destination • Switch: keeps a table of all devices connected to it • When a frame is received, switch searches its MAC address table for the destination MAC address and sends frame only to the device with that address • If destination MAC address is not in table, switch sends frame out all ports (except receiving port) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  15. Switches and Hubs Figure 15-7 A star bus network formed by nodes connected to multiple switches A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  16. Switches and Hubs Figure 15-8 (a) A hub is a simple pass-through device to connect nodes on a network, and (b) a switch sends a frame to the destination node based on its MAC address A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  17. Wireless Access Points and Bridges • Allows wireless device connection to LAN • Devices communicate through access point • May double as a router • Can also be a bridge • A bridge is a device that stands between two segments of a network and manages network traffic between them • Keeps a table of MAC addresses just like a switch A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  18. Wireless Access Points and Bridges Figure 15-12 A bridge is an intelligent device making decisions concerning network traffic A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  19. Ethernet Cables and Connectors • Types of Ethernet cabling: • Twisted-pair – most popular cabling for local networks • Unshielded (UTP) and shielded twisted pair (STP) • UTP cable is least expensive and most common • Rated by category: CAT3 through CAT7 • Consists of four pairs of twisted wires (8 wires total) • STP cable uses a covering or shield around each pair of wires • Protects it from EMI • Costs more than UTP A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  20. Ethernet Cables and Connectors • Types of Ethernet cabling (cont'd): • Coaxial cable: single copper wire with braided shield • No longer used for networking • RG-6 is used for cable TV and uses an F connector • Fiber-optic: glass strands inside protective tubing • Transmit signals as pulses of light • Two types: single-mode and multimode • Four types of connectors: • ST (straight tip), SC (subscriber connector), LC (local connector), and MT-RJ (mechanical transfer registered jack) A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  21. Ethernet Cables and Connectors Table 15-2 Variations of Ethernet and Ethernet cabling A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  22. Ethernet Cables and Connectors Figure 15-13 Unshielded twisted-pair cables and RJ-45 connector used for local wired networks A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  23. Ethernet Cables and Connectors Figure 15-14 Coaxial cable and a BNC connector are used with ThinNet Ethernet Figure 15-16 Fiber-optic cables contain a glass or plastic core for transmitting light A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  24. Ethernet Cables and Connectors Figure 15-17 Four types of fiber-optic connectors: (a) ST, (b) SC, (c) LC, and (d) MT-RJ A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  25. Ethernet Cables and Connectors • Ethernet Standards (categorized by speed): • 10-Mbps Ethernet – invented by Xerox in 1970s • 100-Mbps Ethernet (also known as Fast Ethernet or 100BaseT) • Uses STP or UTP cabling rated CAT-5 or higher • 100BaseFX uses fiber-optic cable • 1000-Mbps Ethernet (also known as Gigabit Ethernet) • Becoming most popular choice for LAN technology • Uses same cabling and connectors as Fast Ethernet • 10-Gigabit Ethernet • Uses fiber-optic cable A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  26. Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP) • Powerline networking (or EoP) uses the power lines in a building to transmit data • Simple to setup, inexpensive, and can run at Gigabit speeds • If a building is sharing a phase (electrical signal) with another building • Data might leak and be intercepted by a neighbor • Powerline adapters offer encryption (128-bit AES) that is activated by pairing the adapters to each other • To use powerline networking, you need at least two powerline adapters A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  27. Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP) • Powerline networking issues: • Powerline adapters must be plugged directly into a wall outlet • Powerline adapters might be large and cover both outlets on a single wall plate • Sometimes people forget to use the encryption options • End up with an unsecured network • Distance degrades quality A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  28. Powerline Networking or Ethernet over Power (EoP) • When shopping for powerline adapters, consider: • Make sure adapter is Homeplug certified • Make sure adapter is rated for the latest Homeplug AV2 speed standard for Gigabit-class data transfers • If you have limited wall outlets, you might need a powerline adapter that offers a pass-through outlet A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  29. Power Over Ethernet (PoE) • Power over Ethernet (PoE) – a feature offered on some high-end network adapters to allow power to be transmitted over Ethernet cable • Used to place a device in a position in a building where you don't have a electrical outlet • If your NIC doesn't offer PoE, you can add it using a PoE injector • When setting up a device to receive power by PoE: • Make sure device sending the power, the splitter , and the device receiving the power are all compatible A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  30. Setting Up and Troubleshooting Network Wiring • To set up a small network, you will need: • Computers, switches, network cables, a router, and a device that provides Internet access (cable modem) • Regarding cabling, be sure: • Cables are out of the way and not a trip hazard • Cables don't exceed the recommended length (100 meters for twisted pair) • Use cables rated at CAT-5e or higher • Uses switches rated at the same speed as your router and network adapters A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  31. Setting Up and Troubleshooting Network Wiring • Place wireless access point/router near the center of the area where you want your wireless hotspot • Router needs to have access to cable or DSL modem Figure 15-21 Plan the physical configuration of a small network A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  32. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Loopback plug: used to test a network cable or port • Also used to find out which port on a switch matches up with a wall jack Figure 15-22 A loopback plug verifies the cable and network port are good A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  33. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Cable tester: used to test a cable • Can also find out what type of cable it is if it is not labeled and to locate the ends of a network cable in a building • Has two components: remote and the base Figure 15-23 Use a cable tester pair to determine the type of cable and/or if the cable is good A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  34. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Network multimeter: can test cables, ports, and network adapters • Can detect Ethernet speed, duplex status, default router on a network, length of a cable, voltage levels of PoE, and other network statistics • Many can document test results and upload results to a PC A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  35. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Wi-Fi analyzer: software that can: • Find Wi-Fi networks • Determine signal strengths • Help optimize Wi-Fi signal settings • Help identify Wi-Fi security threats • A smart phone can be turned into a Wi-Fi analyzer by installing a free or inexpensive app A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  36. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Toner probe: two-part kit used to find cables in walls • Toner connects to one end of cable and puts out a continuous tone while a probe is used to search the walls for the tone Figure 15-27 A toner probe kit by Fluke Corporation A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  37. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Wire stripper: used to build your own network cable • Cuts away the plastic jacket or coating around wires • Crimper: used to attach a terminator or connector to the end of a cable • Can serve double-duty as a wire cutter and stripper A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  38. Tools Used By Network Technicians Figure 15-28 This crimper can crimp RJ-45 and RJ-11 connections A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  39. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Punchdown tool: also called an impact tool • Used to punch individual wires into slots in a keystone RJ-45 jack that is used in an RJ-45 wall jack Figure 15-29 A punchdown tool forces a wire into a slot and cuts off the wire A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  40. Tools Used By Network Technicians • Patch panel: provides multiple network ports for cables that converge in one location • Each port is numbered on the front of the panel • Keystone jacks are color-coded for the wires to be inserted on the back of the panel • Punchdown tool is used to terminate A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  41. Tools Used By Network Technicians Figure 15-30 A patch panel provides Ethernet ports for cables converging in an electrical closet A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  42. How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired • Straight-through cable: used to connect a computer to a switch or other network device • Also called a patch cable • Crossover cable: used to connect two like devices such as a hub to a hub or a PC to a PC • Transmit and receive lines are reversed • RJ-45 connector has eight pins • 10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet use only four pins • Gigabit Ethernet uses all eight pins A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  43. How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired • Twisted pair cabling is color-coded in four pairs • Solid wire and a striped wire are in a pair • Two standards for wiring: T568A and T568B Figure 15-31 Pinouts for an RJ-45 connector A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  44. How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired Table 15-4 The T568A and T568B Ethernet standards for wiring RJ-45 connectors A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  45. How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired • When working with existing wiring be sure to find out if wiring is using T568A or T568B • If not sure, use T568B because it is most common Figure 15-32 Two crossed pairs in a crossover cable is compatible with 10BaseT or 100BaseT Ethernet; four crossed pairs in a crossover cable is compatible with Gigabit Ethernet A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  46. How Twisted-Pair Cables and Connectors Are Wired Figure 15-44 Flowchart to troubleshoot networking problems related to hardware A+ Guide to IT Technical Support, 9th Edition

  47. TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting • Ping [-a] [-t] [TargetName] • Tests connectivity by sending an echo request to a remote computer Table 15-2 Examples of the ping command A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

  48. TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting • Ipconfig [/all] [/release] [/renew] [/displaydns] [/flushdns] • Can display TCP/IP configuration Table 15-6 Examples of ipconfig command A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

  49. TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting • Ifconfig [/a] [/interface] [/up] [/down] • Similar to ipconfig and is used on Unix, Linux, and Mac OS X operating systems Table 15-7 Examples of ifconfig command A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

  50. TCP/IP Utilities Used For Troubleshooting • Nslookup [ComputerName] • Lets you read information from the Internet name space by requesting information about domain name resolutions from the DNS server's zone data • A reverse lookup is when you use the nslookup command to find the host name when you know the IP address A+ Guide to Managing & Maintaining Your PC, 8th Edition

A+ Guide to It Technical Support 9th Edition Chapter 3

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